Suitable scaffolds play a pivotal role in the classical TE strategy. The choice of appropriate scaffolds (e.g., polymer-based), cells (e.g., primarily stem cells) as well as molecules (especially proteins and peptides) is crucial to carry out an auspicious therapy and tightly depends on future applications. Their association, known as a “bioactive construct”, currently makes up the most successful strategy for tissue repair and regeneration. These three elements may be used alone or in combination. The classical TE paradigm including scaffolds, cells, and bioactive molecules. Moreover, this article sums up the major applications of some biodegradable natural and synthetic polymer scaffolds modified with proteins and peptides, which have been developed within the past five years. This paper also describes the influence of addition of proteins and peptides on physicochemical, mechanical, and biological properties of polymer scaffolds. Thus, this review presents the current knowledge about the most important proteins and peptides used for modification of polymer scaffolds for tissue engineering. Although there are many papers describing synthesis and properties of polymer scaffolds enriched with proteins or peptides, few reviews comprehensively summarize these bioactive molecules. To improve biological properties, scaffolds are frequently enriched with bioactive molecules, inter alia extracellular matrix proteins, adhesive peptides, growth factors, hormones, and cytokines. Even though they are generally non-toxic, in some cases, they may not provide suitable support for cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, which decelerates tissue regeneration. Polymer scaffolds constitute a very interesting strategy for tissue engineering.
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